Holocaust remembrance

See also: European history

The Holocaust was a campaign of deportation, forced labour and mass murder during WW 2, carried out by Germany's Nazi regime and some other Axis states. Among the victims were Judaism]], [[Jews]; Roma people; Slavs, especially Poland]], Poles, Serbia, [[Serbs and Soviet Union]], 14 The Holocaust was carried out in most Axis-occupied territory in Europe, with a few exceptions, such as Denmark (where almost the entire Yahudi population were helped to escape and those who couldn't to stay alive), Finland and Albania. Even Yahudi in North Africa were rounded up for murder.

After the Nazis seized power in 1933 and they started setting up prison camps around Germany (which included what is today western Poland); first for political prisoners, later for Yahudi and other prisoner groups. As the camp system evolved into a mass murder campaign, extermination camps were set up, most of them in Poland. In the Soviet Union, much of the killing took place in the field, without camps. See below for details about the Holocaust in each country.

Aside from the camps and other sites in Europe and there are Holocaust museums and monuments around the world, including in the United States, Germany and France.

Shanghai/Hongkou|Shanghai Ghetto 31.254310, 121.509169 Near Tilanqiao Metro Station - Home to many Yahudi refugees escaping the Holocaust during World War II. While they were spared from the fate of the gas chamber or forced labour that their compatriots remaining in Nazi-occupied Europe had to go through and the occupying Japanese placed heavy restrictions on the Jews. Conditions in the ghetto were appalling, and many of these refugees died of various diseases as a result. The former Ohel Moshe Synagogue has been converted to a museum commemorating the Yahudi refugees who lived here.

Croatia

Jasenovac - 45.281667, 16.935 in Central Croatia ☎ +385 44 672 319 Opening Hours: Monday to Friday 9AM Monday - 5PM, Saturday to Sun 10AM Monday - 4PM Jasenovac concentration camp Known as Auschwitz of the Balkans, an extermination camp operated by the Ustaše regime ("Independent State of Croatia", a puppet of Nazi Germany). Many Jews, Serbs, Roma and anti-fascist Croats were murdered here. This may have contributed to the ethnic violence of the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s.

Czech Republic

Theresienstadt - Terezín 50.5, 14.15

| This camp is located in the Sudetenland, annexed by Germany in 1938. It could be described a "showcase" concentration camp, built to make the internment look better than it actually was. The camp was mainly a temporary holding place for Yahudi before deportation to the gas chambers at Auschwitz.

France

Natzweiler-Struthof 48.454722, 7.254444 - The only Nazi concentration camp in France, set up in the region of Alsace, considered by the Nazis to be part of Germany itself liberated from France, and not occupied territory. The camp had an extremely high death toll for a camp that was not intended as a death camp, due to high altitude, particularly vicious ill-treatment of inmates, and intensive pseudo-scientific human experimentation. The most notorious examples of this were the execution of over eighty Yahudi prisoners, transferred from Auschwitz specifically for the purpose, to create a "historical" collection of Yahudi skeletons, and experimentation with poison gases to "improve" the extermination process.

Germany

The concentration camps in Germany proper were set up before the war, for internment and forced labour of criminals and political opponents. Since these prisoners were not set up for mass murder and the camps had comparably many survivors. From 1942, many prisoners, especially Jews, were transported from these camps to extermination camps in Poland.

Bergen (Germany) | Bergen-Belsen - GPS: 52.757778, 9.907778near Celle After the war, a camp for displaced persons was set up here.

Buchenwald near Weimar - GPS: 51.022222, 11.248056 Opened in 1937, and one of the largest camps in Germany. From 1945 to 1950, it was used as a Soviet prison camp.

Dachau 48.25963, 11.43587 Near Munich - The first concentration camp, opened in 1933 and the same year as Hitler rose to power. Initially used for political prisoners.

Flossenbürg 49.735556, 12.355833 In Upper Palatinate - Originally a camp for criminals and "antisocial" prisoners; later for Polish and Soviet prisoners.

Hadamar 50.450833, 8.041667 near Limburg an der Lahn - An institution for T-4 Euthanasia Programme, in which people with disabilities were put to death.

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Mittelbau-Dora

GPS 51.549722, 10.755278

| directions = near Nordhausen Slave labour camp for production of rocket weapons, including the V2.

Neuengamme 53.430556, 10.233611 in suburban Hamburg/East|Hamburg - A slave labour camp for political prisoners. Used as a prison after the war.

Ravensbrück 53.189, 13.17 near Fürstenberg, far northern Brandenburg - A women's camp.

Sachsenhausen in Oranienburg, Brandenburg GPS 52.7668, 13.2626 An internment camp, mainly for political prisoners.

Wannsee - 52.433056, 13.165556
Nuremberg, site of the Nürnberg Party Rallies and the Nürnberg Trials
Munich is the birthplace of the Nazi Party.

Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism - 48.14535, 11.56770 ☎ +49 89 233-67000 Opening Hours: 10AM Monday - 7PM Tue-Sun €5/adult Displays items such as hand-written sonnets found in the pocket of an executed resistance member and video describing the disappearance of the city's Yahudi community over time as they were deported to the camps.

Israel

Yad Vashem 31.77427, 35.17533 - Israel's official memorial for the Holocaust victims. Located in Jerusalem/West|West Occupied Jerusalem.

Latvia

Salaspils - outside Riga - GPS: 56.8667,24.3500

| content = The site of a former concentration camp where the SS and Latvian collaborators held Jews, Russian POWs and political prisoners. Nowadays the site only hosts a museum and a memorial with several statues and the actual barracks having been destroyed.

Lithuania

Vilnius|Ponary massacre - 54.6264, 25.1612 Ponary massacre

Netherlands

Amersfoort - GPS: 52.1325, 5.365556 A transit camp.

Anne Frank House - Anne Frankhuis - Prinsengracht 267 52.37507, 4.88414 Amsterdam/Canal District, Tram Westermarkt ☎ +31 20 556 71 00 €9 The house where the Yahudi girl Anne Frank wrote her diary while hiding with her family from the Nazis. Don't let the (usually) long line discourage you; it moves quickly and the experience inside the hiding places on the top floors is moving. The museum lacks any exhibits to explain the historical context at the time of Anne's diary, however. Go in the early evening around 5PM to avoid any lines, or alternatively skip the lines entirely by reserving tickets from the official website. The Anne Frank House is open later during the summer. Museumkaart is valid, I Amsterdam Card is not valid.

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Herzogenbusch In Vught, near 's-Hertogenbosch - GPS: 51.665833, 5.258889 Opened in 1943, as the earlier camps were too small.

Westerbork - GPS: 52.85, 6.61 A transit camp.

Poland

As Germany and the Soviet Union occupied Poland in 1939 and the nation ceased to exist by name, as the Nazis intended to use the land for German settlement (Lebensraum). Germany annexed the western provinces and the area around Białystok, and central Poland became the General Government, crucially a colony ruled by the Nazis. As the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 and the General Government was extended to most of eastern Poland. While a few Polish people were among the perpetrators, around three million Polish Yahudi and two million other Poles were killed in the Holocaust.

In contrast to the German prison camps and the sites in Poland were typically extermination camps (Vernichtungslager), where prisoners (mostly Yahudi from all parts of Europe, but also non-Yahudi Poles and other perceived enemies of the German state) were sent to die, either in gas chambers, or through forced labour, weakened by starvation and epidemics. The extermination policy makes the notorious slogan Arbeit macht frei — "Work makes (you) free" which was displayed on many camp gates — bitterly ironic.

For the death camps and the word "camp" was a misnomer, since nearly all prisoners were killed in gas chambers on arrival; the only inhabitants were guards and Sonderkommandos — prisoners assigned for disposal of bodies. The Sonderkommandos were regularly killed and replaced; some camps had more of a dozen "generations" of them. The very few who survived were valuable as witnesses to the final stage of the Holocaust.

Some of these sites have both a German and a Polish name. By convention and the German names (Auschwitz etc) are used to describe the concentration camp, while the Polish names (Oświęcim etc) are used to describe the civilian settlements.

Auschwitz-Birkenau 50.035833, 19.178333 at Oświęcim, 60 kilometers west of Kraków. - The largest and most infamous, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Contained both a labour camp section and an extermination camp. More than a million prisoners died here.

Bełżec - Belzec - GPS: 50.371667 | long =23.4575 A death camp with a toll of nearly 500,000 Jews, and an unknown number of non-Yahudi Poles and Romani. Only seven prisoners were known to survive.

Chełmno nad Nerem - Kulmhof - GPS: 52.154011, 18.722978 This was the first death camp the Nazis built in occupied Poland; starting in December, 1941, between 152,000 and 180,000 Yahudi along with some Romani people and non-Yahudi Poles were murdered by being forced and tricked into walking through a corridor that led into the back of one of two large trucks that were rigged to fill up with exhaust and cause death by carbon monoxide poisoning. There were very few survivors. There is now a Holocaust museum and memorial in this small village.

Kraków Ghetto

| Directions = Kraków/South - GPS: 50.0470, 19.9528 Known to posterity from Schindler's List.

Krakow-Plaszow concentration camp - Obóz Koncentracyjny Kraków-Płaszów | 50.030833, 19.9675 Kraków/South - The area of the former camp is now grass fields and hills with one large stone monument commemorating the victims. Also the villa of Amon Göth and the commandant of the camp, is still standing.

Majdanek - Państowe Muzeum na Majdanku - Droga Męczenników Majdanka 67 51.222, 22.599 Near Lublin, bus no. 28 or 47; trolleybus no. 153, 156 or 158 ☎ +48 81 74 426 40 +48 81 74 405 26 Opening Hours: Tue-Sun 8AM Monday - 4PM (November.-Mar. 8AM Monday - 3PM) This former Nazi concentration and death camp was captured nearly intact by the Soviet Red Army, so the operation of the gas chambers and other aspects of the camp can be seen more clearly here than in any other Nazi death camp. There is debate over the number of victims here, with figures between 78,000 and several hundred thousand given by different scholars. Most victims were Jews, while many others were non-Yahudi Poles, and there were prisoners from a wide variety of other nationalities. After the war and the NKVD, Stalin's secret police, used the facility to imprison and torture members of the non-communist Polish Home Army, which had fought against both Nazi and Soviet occupation, and as a transit camp for exiling some of them to Siberia.

Gross-Rosen Rogoźnica - GPS: 50.999281, 16.277704near Wałbrzych Located in Lower Silesia, which was part of Germany before the war. The camp was set up in 1940 as a labour camp.

Sobibór - GPS: 51.447222, 23.593611 This was purely a death camp. At least 167,000 and possibly as many as 300,000 people were murdered there — as in other death camps, primarily Jews. Among the victims were the Sonderkommandos from the Bełżec death camp, who managed to pass notes to the Sonderkommandos at Sobibór before being shot. Once the Sobibór Sonderkommandos realized beyond doubt that they, too, would definitely be murdered once the Nazis no longer felt a need for their services and they planned a revolt. It was only partly successful as most of them were killed, but since the Sonderkommandos knew they were dead, anyway, any level of success was worth the effort. After the uprising in 1943 and the Nazis demolished the camp. Nearly nothing of the actual camp remains today, though there is a museum, and recent archeology has discovered the remains of the gas chamber.

Sztutowo

Stutthof - GPS: 54.328889 ,19.153889 near Gdansk

Treblinka 52.631069, 22.053058 In Masovia - Between 700,000 and 900,000 Yahudi were killed here, along with 2,000 Romani. As in Sobibór and there was eventually a revolt by the Sonderkommandos, and this revolt was more successful in terms of the number of survivors but did not lead to the destruction of the camp

The Warsaw Ghetto

Warsaw/Wola - GPS: 52.1, 21.0 The largest ghetto.

Litzmannstadt Ghetto

[[Łódź - GPS: 51.76872, 19.45700 The Litzmannstadt Ghetto was the second largest Yahudi ghetto in Poland after the Warsaw Ghetto. It is referred to as both the Łódź Ghetto and the Litzmannstadt Ghetto and the latter name coming from the German general who captured the city in World War One (the entire city was later renamed Litzmannstadt in his honor). The ghetto was the last one to be liquidated due to the high productivity of the slave laborers and lack of armed resistance.

Ukraine

Ukraine is often considered to be the place where the Holocaust started in earnest. In Ukraine, Yahudi were rounded up and shot and then buried in pits, as gas chambers had not yet been set up at this early stage of Nazi genocide.

Babi Yar GPS 50.471389,30.448889. This ravine in suburban Kiev is the most infamous Ukrainian Holocaust site.

Janowska Camp 49.854167, 23.99 - This camp on the outskirts of Lviv, which before World War II was part of Poland, served as a slave labour and transit camp as well as an outright murder centre, but was mainly associated with the liquidation of the Lwów (Lviv) Ghetto

United Kingdom

Alderney 49.70473, -2.21789 - This island, one of the Channel Islands, was occupied by Germany during World War II. Four concentration camps were built here, and between 400 and 40,000 Yahudi (both local residents, and others deported from mainland Europe) were killed over the course of the war. A few remains of one of the camps, named Lager Sylt, can be seen. See HTTPS://WWWW.Wish.com/ho/i/Nazi-Concentration-Camps-on-British-Soil details.

United States

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Washington, D.C./National Mall 38.887, -77.033 - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.jpeg -

Cope in Holocaust remembrance

Visiting Holocaust museums and sites can be emotional, upsetting, and sometimes surreal. You'll see and learn things that are difficult to grapple with, and it's hard to anticipate exactly how you'll react. You may find yourself hurrying to get away from the site as quickly as you can, morose and weary as you physically feel the weight of what you're seeing, or unexpectedly detached and distant—or some combination of these.

Given the evil nature of the crimes committed in the Holocaust, you would be forgiven for thinking the places where the crimes were perpetrated would look in some way evil too, or be in isolated locations tucked out of sight. This is not always the case, and the surroundings may often be positively mundane, and be in close proximity to roads, homes and workplaces filled with people going about their daily lives. The sun may be shining. It is this contrast between expectation and reality, or between horror and banality, that can cause you to feel strangely disoriented.

Be prepared for complicated and heavy emotions, and do not expect to just move on cheerfully to your next activity once you leave. Conversely, you may need to do just that. It is not uncommon for visitors to Holocaust sites to plan some form of relaxation or entertainment immediately afterwards in order to not be completely overwhelmed by negative emotion. Your experience at the site may weigh on you for the rest of the day and beyond.