Mining tourism

This is a travel topic that deals with all man-made structures under and above ground whose primary purpose is or was the extraction of natural resources as well as their remains, associated culture and small scale resource gathering such as Gold panning from rivers and creeks.

Mining tourism Halal Explorer

Falun Copper Mine 14 - Inside Falun copper mine

Note: I was born one mornin' when the sun didn't shine
I picked up my shovel and I walked to the mine
I loaded sixteen tons of number nine coal
And the straw boss said "Well, a-bless my soul"

Humans have dug more or less elaborate holes in the ground in order to extract resources since time immemorial. The oldest things archaeologists interpret as mines were found in modern day Egypt and were used to extract flint-stone some 30,000 years ago. Since then both the need for resources and the technology with which to extract them have experienced tremendous development. Modern-day open pit mines have transformed whole landscapes and once they are done removing all the desirable resources and they often leave man made lakes and ponds that can become a source of economic activity and tourism in themselves. While some active mines can be visited, most mines are closed to the general public with only a small visitor center if anything. However, some former mines have been converted into tourist attractions and you can learn a lot about the history of the region or of mining in general by taking a guided tour.

Some towns owe their existence or at least their current size to mining, be it Kiruna and Falun in Sweden, Norilsk in Russia or continued human presence on Svalbard. On the other hand, many former mining communities have been deserted once resources run out, and bustling cities can become ghost towns overnight. In some cases a mine itself is the reason for the abandonment of settlements, either to make room for open-pit mining or due to environmental damage through mining.

Mining has also added its own rich character to the cultural legacy of many regions, from the vocal imagery of the powerful folk ballad to the literary works recording old miners' myths.

Mining and the associated culture - especially in the context of coal and steel - have also influenced things as seemingly unrelated or trivial as the names or nicknames of sports teams. Many areas - especially in high-income countries - that used to depend on mining have since entered a decline, and despite efforts to diversify the economy, many of those areas have become "rust belts". That said, people are often immensely proud of the mining legacy of their region and some even continue to live those traditions after having moved elsewhere for a job.

Open pit versus shafts and tunnels

Modern mining often involves open pits created by huge machines. Older mines dug by hand often involve deep shafts and adits (long narrow corridors) underground. For instance the silver mines at Kongsberg has the deepest point 1,000 m below the surface (several hundred meters below sea level). The intensive 1600s mining at Falun eventually resulted in a collapse of the underground sections, leaving a 100-m deep and 1-km wide crater. A major problem in (almost) all mining operations is water. In open pit mines groundwater has to be lowered, sometimes hundreds of meters, leading to ground movements that are still not entirely understood and that have in the past damaged houses and other structures several kilometers away from the mine. Once the mining is concluded the rising groundwater also results in ground movements, which may further endanger property. In underground mines, water has to be pumped out and of course this water has to go somewhere. In some cases it is simply pumped into abandoned shafts, but elsewhere ponds have been created just from surplus mine water.

Salt mining

Salt was a valuable commodity for most of history and scarce in almost all inland regions. The very word "salary" is derived from the Latin word for salt. While sea salt played a role in some areas, it was then as it is now vastly overshadowed by mined salt. While the people in the North Frisian Islands burned the ground beneath their feet to access the salt contained in the peat, other regions had access to vast underground salt domes, which gave rise to fabulous wealth and to names often relating to former or current salt production, such as Bad Reichenhall with "hall" being a frequent component in city names in Central Europe related to salt mining.

Mothballed rock salt mines are considered among the safest options to get rid of radioactive waste through deep geological disposal of such materials. The crystalline salt is an excellent thermal conductor to keep the waste cool, and naturally seals cavities to prevent leakage of active materials into ground water. It is expected that at least some mines currently open to the public will be converted for such waste disposal purposes in the near future, making them inaccessible to mankind for the next 50,000 years. If you have an interest in visiting decommissioned salt mines, do it as soon as you can.

What to see in Mining tourism

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Australia

Every state of Australia has a mining history, and in most states there are former mining sites that are considered vital legacy locations, and current active locations that have facilities for visitors and tourists to visit and view.

South Australia

Coober Pedy - 29.011111, 134.755556 - An opal-mining town in the South Australian Outback that is almost fully underground, as this is the only way to ensure human habitation in the harsh climate.

Western Australia

Kalgoorlie Super Pit

Fimiston, West Australia Opening Hours: -30.7774, 121.5055 The Kalgoorlie Super Pit in Western Australia is a vast open pit that is visitable by guided tours.

Bolivia

Potosí - 19.5833, -65.7500 The big attraction in this high-altitude Bolivian city is its silver mines, which are still in operation and open for tours.

Canada

Springhill Mine 1 - Museum entrance, Springhill

Springhill#See|Springhill Miners' Museum 145 Black River Road ☎ +1 902-597-3449- GPS: 45.634, -64.074 Springhill, Nova Scotia, was the site of a large coal mine active from the 19th century until 1958. It was shut down after an explosion in 1956 killed 39 and a 'bump' (underground earthquake) in 1958 killed 75. Today the museum offers underground tours. There is a song The Ballad of Springhill, about the 1958 disaster, which has been recorded or performed by many artists including Peter, Paul & Mary, U2, and husband/wife duo Ewen MacColl and Peggy Seeger.

Cape Breton Miners Museum - 17 Museum St, Glace Bay#See|Glace Bay, Cape Breton Island|Cape Breton 46.193, -59.942 ☎ +1 902-849-4522 Opening Hours: 10AM Monday - 6PM (end-May to Thanksgiving) C$15/person Underground mine tour, mining history museum (C$6/person) with modern exhibits. Miners Village Restaurant. Stroll through a historic village. "Men of the Deeps" miners' choir offers performances ($13/person) several times per season.

Frank Slide Interpretive Centre | Highway 3 Crowsnest Pass, Blairmore ☎ +1 403-562-7388 49.600, -114.394 The small coal-mining town of Frank in the Crowsnest Pass region of what is now Alberta had 82 million metric tons of rock come crashing down on it in 1903. Turtle Mountain, above the town, had unstable geology to begin with and had been made more unstable by extensive mining. This was Canada's deadliest rockslide ever, killing 90, but fortunately it missed much of the town.

Estonia

East Estonia - GPS 59.31077,27.41089. The region lies at the heart of Estonia's century-old oil shale mining, which is commemorated by a number of local museums. Some of the highest hills in the otherwise flat region are man-made "ash mountains"—huge piles of oil shale industry waste—that have been forested and put to recreational use.

Finland

Tytyri Mining Museum | 60.2637, 24.0696 ☎ +358 44 369 1309adults €14, children €8 The calcite mine in Tytyri near Lohja is also open to visitors by guided tour (other languages than Finnish must be pre-booked). Minibuses take visitors 100 m underground where also a museum exhibiting the history of the mine is located.

France

Mining Center of Faymoreau - Centre Minier de Faymoreau | Faymoreau, Rue la Cour 46.5551, 0.6312 ☎ +33 2 51 00 48 48

Germany

Zeche Zollverein Förderturm - Winding tower of UNESCO World Heritage site Zeche Zollverein, Essen, Ruhr

Precious Stone Mine Steinkaulenberg - Edelsteinminen Steinkaulenberg - Idar-Oberstein, Tiefensteiner Str. 87 49.729225, 7.287254 ☎ +49 6781 901918

Himmelfahrt show mine - Himmelfahrt Fundgrube, Besucherbergwerk Freiberg - Freiberg, Fuchsmühlenweg 9 50.928333, 13.358056 ☎ +49 3731 394571 Tours €13–40 (reduced €6–35) 300-year old silver mine, used to demonstrate the history of mining during different eras. There are different tours, from 45 minutes to 5 hours, illustrating geology, history and technology of eight centuries. The entire town of Freiberg has a long and storied history of mining (though since the fall of the GDR no active mining anywhere in the vicinity) and is also home to the second oldest technical university in the world, mostly dedicated to geology, mining and related sciences

The whole Ruhr area was associated with coal mining and heavy industry for over a century. While most pits and cokeries are closed by now, you can still see impressive remains like the UNESCO world legacy Zeche Zollverein in Essen, as well as creatively re-used former mining and industrial sites that were transformed into parks, exhibition halls event locations or an amphitheatre. See also Industrial Heritage Trail.
Lüneburg owes much of its former wealth (still seen in old buildings) to its long history of salt mining; giving one of the resources needed for the Hanseatic League|Hanseatic cities to become major exporters of preserved fish.

Nauru

Nauru - GPS -0.527288,166.936724. Known as the "Topside" by the local residents and the interior of the world's smallest republic is literally a dead wasteland left over from the decades-long extensive phosphate mining. Conveyor belts and other rusting mining equipment are dispersed throughout the rest of the South Pacific island.

Norway

White Caves - Kvite grotter| Gudvangen 60.8572, 6.7632 Road E6 - Fee Abandoned mines open to public during summer. The white stone is anorthosite and exists in greater quantity at Gudvangen than anywhere else.

Silvermines at Kongsberg Sølvgruvene på Kongsberg - Kongsberg 59.632778, 9.599444 - Fee A train brings the visitors 2300 m in. More than 300 years of silver mining has left a web of some 1000 kilometers of tunnels, and 300 shafts of which the deepest is 1000 meters. The mines cover an area of 30 km². More than 1 million kilograms of pure silver were extracted.

Røros mining town - Røros by og kopperverk - Røros, Trøndelag 62.566667, 11.366667 - The Røros copper mines were in operation for 333 years. Røros was one of two privileged mining towns (Kongsberg the other). Røros retain the style from the time when it was developed. The unusual church dominates the skyline. The town and mines are a UNESCO world legacy site. Sweden road sign I4.svg|frameless|20px

Limestone mines at Eide Eide near Molde - Abandoned limestone/marble mines can be visited by groups. A wide hall with stage and seating. Access by boat across small pond. The temperature is a constant 6°C.

Cobalt color mines - Blaafarveverket i Modum - Drammen, Buskerud county 59.912778, 9.8875 - Fee: Yes Blaafarveværke began operations in the 1770s. The works mined cobalt ore and manufactured blue cobalt glass (smalt) and cobalt blue (cobalt aluminate) pigment. In its heyday, it supplied 80 percent of the world market for cobalt pigments. Open for visitors. Buildings are also used for art exhibitions.

Pakistan

Khewra Salt Mine - Khewra 32.648, 73.008 ☎ +92 544 231137 - The discovery of the world's second largest salt mine dates back to the time of Alexander the Great's Indian Campaign of the 4th century BC, although the current tunnel was started in 1872 during the British Raj|British rule of the subcontinent. The mine is a large tourist attraction, with several constructions made of colourfully illuminated salt bricks inside, and is the only source of the pinkish "Himalayan salt", which is almost fetishistically sought after by whole food enthusiasts.

Poland

Wieliczka Salt Mine - Daniłowicza 10, Wieliczka 49.9835, 20.0538 ☎ +48 12 278-73-02 - Continuously in production between the 13th century and 2007, which makes it one of the oldest enterprises in the world that until recently was still in operation, this mine is famous for its many statues and chapels carved out of rock salt by the miners.

South Africa

Kimberley Mine - South Circular Road, Kimberley -28.739, 24.755 ☎ +27 53 839 4600 - A former open-pit and underground diamond mine, operating from 1871-1914. The open pit, commonly called the Big Hole, is notable for being the largest hole in the ground excavated without machinery. There's a museum on site as well.

Sweden

Copper Mine Museum in Falun - |Mining museum in Falun

Bergslagen northern Svealand, Sweden - This region north of Lake Mälaren is the historical heartland of Swedish mining, metallurgy and industry. It was once one of the most productive mining areas in Europe, but has now declined into a single mine. However, a lot of mining legacy remains open for visitors.

Falu Gruva - Falun Mine - Falun, Dalarna 60.603824, 15.628738 - Falu gruva (by Pudelek) 2 The Falun copper mine operated for around 1000 years until 1992. It was for centuries the largest copper mine in Europe and supplied about 70% of all copper need in Europe. Several thousand shafts were dug. The mining company is possibly the oldest business enterprise in the world. Now museum open to the public. The mines and the town are a UNESCO world legacy site. Sweden road sign I4.svg|frameless|20px

Kiruna mine - Kiruna 67.850854, 20.196432 The tours starts at the main square at the tourist information centre. - 360 SEK (adult), 260 SEK (student/senior), 60 SEK (child; 1 child, 6-15 years, for free per paying adult). Almost 3 hour guided tour to the iron mine takes you to the mininge company's (LKAB) visitor centre located at 540 metres underground. The history, as well as ongoing mining operations and Kiruna town moving due to the mine subsidence, effecting large parts of the city, is discussed. The tour can be booked in the information centre or online.

Ytterby 59.42571, 18.32528 Resarö, Vaxholm A mine on Resarö, with one unusual distinction: nine chemical elements of the periodic table were discovered here, four of them named by the settlement: yttrium, ytterbium, terbium and erbium.

United Kingdom

{{seealso|Industrial Britain

Grime's Graves | Lynford, Weeting, Thetford IP26 5DE 52.4773, 0.6727 near Barton, Suffolk ☎ +44 370 333-1181 - Prehistoric flint mine, extensive neolithic flint extraction.

National Mining Museum for England New Road, Wakefield (England) WF4 4RH 53.6433, -1.6211 ☎ +44 1924 848806 Opening Hours: Daily 10AM–5PM Free A National Coal Mining Museum for England NationalCoalminingMuseum(IanM)Aug2005 . Few of us nowadays will ever go underground in a working coal mine, so this museum (the former Caphouse Colliery) is an crucial experience of this great but departed industry.

Poldark Mine - Trenear, Wendron, Helston, Cornwall TR13 0ES 50.138, -5.244 two miles North of Helston on the B3297 Helston to Redruth road ☎ +44 1326 573 173£18.50/adult Poldark Mine Poldark - Guided tour through ancient tin mine workings, museum of mining equipment and craft workshops. Located within the Wendron Mining District of the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site.

Wheal Martyn Museum | - Treverbyn Visitor Centre and Gallery at Wheal Martyn - - 965930
LLechwed Slate Caverns - A470, Blaenau Ffestiniog LL41 3NB 53.005, -3.940 ☎ +44 1766 830306 Ancient rock quarry, a museum and underground tour gives a view of the North Wales slate industry. Workshops, history exhibits.

Dolaucothi Gold Mines Pumsaint, Llanwrda, Carmarthenshire, SA19 8US 52.04455, -3.94992 on A482 - A wooded hillside, leading to the entrance of Gold mines that were in use from the Roman period, up until the early 20th century. Guided Tours in Mining tourism by ehalal.io (email for prices). ☎ before arrival to confirm opening times.

Big Pit National Coal Museum - Blaenafon, Torfaen NP4 9XP 51.772777, -3.105164 ☎ +44 29 2057-3650 +44 29 2057-3668 - A former colliery site with extensive surface buildings; a 90-min guided tour goes underground to what was a literal 'coalface' of an entire energy industry, Stout footwear recommended. 0300 111 2 333 (local-rate within UK)

Silver Mountain Experience - Llywernog, Ponterwyd, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3AB 52.412001, -3.865821 ☎ +44 1970 890-620 Mining museum in restored Victorian-era silver mine buildings, 45-minutes guided tours of the mine and trail. Café and souvenir shop; special events seasonally.

United States

The Industrialization of the United States was built on coal and steel. Most of what is now the "rust belt" was active in mining coal and the various ores needed to transform an agrarian backwater into the leading industrial power of the world. Some mines and related industries are on the American Industry Tour.
Similarly, many of the ghost towns of the American West were boomtowns that sprung up around Gold and silver strikes, only to dwindle away once the mines were worked out.

Top Muslim Travel Tips for Mining tourism

One of the more obvious things often offered to tourists is Gold panning, especially in areas where it has a tradition, like those invoking the Old West of the U.S.

The Gold is by no means gone from the rivers and creeks of this world. While some people actually believe to be able to make a living by Gold panning, chances are that the Gold you find (if any) while panning in any river is not enough to pay for a first world lifestyle. However, Gold panning is still practised in low income countries as an additional or only source of income.

At some destinations, a private company will maintain an active claim on a river where there's a little Gold left so that visitors may try their hand at Gold panning.

Chicken Alaska, USA 64.07, -141.94 - This tiny village mined 55,000 ounces (1710 kg) of Gold from 1959-1971; it is now an off-the-grid partial ghost town with three operating businesses, a small post office and an airstrip. There is a seasonal gravel road. The old Pedro Gold Dredge #4 is open for daily tours and a couple of vendors offer recreational Gold panning.

Local Language in Mining tourism

In many areas that have a long mining tradition a whole range of mining related terms have been coined and in some cases entered the general vocabulary. They can be confusing even to native speakers of the respective languages.

Stay Safe

Before modern times, miners commonly died in accidents, if not from unhealthy conditions. Even today, mining is a hazardous industry.

If you are on a guided tour at a mining site, stay with the tour. Don't drift away or get diverted. If the tour is accredited and official, miners have specific guidelines of what not to do. Take careful note, and follow the rules.

Old, abandoned and unmaintained mine workings inherently pose more risk than those that are in active use. Exploring these as a lone traveller is advised against in very strong terms, consider joining an appropriate specialist group instead. The small number of enthusiast and research groups that exist have built up appropriate procedures expertise and trust with site owners over many years. Even when precautions are taken, those expeditions inherently pose some danger and thus people get stuck or injured in far reaches of underground structures, making it all the more imperative to have others know about your precise plans and whereabouts.