Nuclear tourism is travel to places connected with nuclear research and technology, places where there have been atomic explosions, or places related to peaceful or wartime use of nuclear energy. They include:

Sites of nuclear explosions (bombed cities, weapon test sites, sites related to peaceful use of nuclear explosions)
Sites of nuclear accidents and accidents of nuclear weapon carrying aircraft
Atomic museums
Otherwise remarkable sites of projects in nuclear technology

Get ready

Note: I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones.

Prypjat dose rate meter - Dose rate meter is a basic tool of a nuclear tourist Although in many of the nuclear tourism sites only background radiation can be detected, in some other visitors are confronted with levels above natural background. These include mainly sites related to nuclear accidents and weapons testing. When visiting places with increased radiation, it is reasonable to be equipped with a radiation monitor in order to have control over radiation exposure. The most common devices in a reasonable price range usually contain a Geiger-Müller counter. They are suitable for detection of gamma, x-ray, alpha and beta radiation, typically expressed as counts per second. In other devices the registered gamma radiation is converted in units of dose rate or absorbed dose. These basic counters can not provide information about individual isotopes, natural or man-made, but simply sum up all registered radiation.

In order to be able to use the radiation monitor it is crucial to get familiar with the units and ranges of the measured values to evaluate the information obtained from the counter. Additionally, one has to be aware of a strong variation of natural background radiation, which depends mainly on local geology.

Sites of nuclear explosions

Bombed cities

[[20100722 Hiroshima Genbaku Dome 4461 - Atomic Bomb Dome in Hiroshima

Hiroshima GPS 34.395,132.455 - HiroshimaCenotaphDome7016.jpg, Japan, was a target of the first nuclear attack ever on 6 August 1945. Nowadays the event with 90,000–166,000 civilian victims is commemorated at the Atomic Bomb Memorial Museum and in Peace Memorial Park, including the iconic A-Bomb Dome and Children's Peace Monument covered by colorful paper cranes for bomb victim, Sadako Sasaki. Ground Zero is slightly outside of the park not far from the Atomic Bomb Dome.

Another nuclear bomb was dropped three days later on the industrial town of Nagasaki GPS 32.773,129.864 =長崎原爆落下中心地01.jpg, Japan, with more than 100,000 victims. Visitors can learn about the tragic piece of history in the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum or the Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims, both near ground zero.

The aircraft that dropped nuclear weapons on Japanese civilians are in US museums. Enola (the plane which bombed Hiroshima) is displayed at the Udvar-Hazy Center (part of Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum)] in Chantilly (Virginia) | Chantilly, Virginia ; Bockscar (which bombed Nagasaki) is on display at the U.S. Air Force Museum near Dayton, Ohio.

See the Pacific War

Travel Guide for the events leading up to the bombs.

Weapon test sites

Trinity site, New Mexico - Tourists at ground zero, Trinity site, April 2009.

In total, eight countries carried out confirmed nuclear weapon tests to determine the capability of their weapons, mostly in their own respective territories. The United States conducted the first and the most numerous tests, mostly in Nevada. Others carrying out tests included Russia (then the Soviet Union) and the UK, India, France, and China. Pakistan, followed by North Korea, conducted the last nuclear weapon tests. Sites where weapon tests were conducted can be visited in these countries for adventure.

Socorro | Trinity site GPS 33.6773,-106.4754 Trinity Site Obelisk National Historic Landmark.jpg, New Mexico - the site of the world's first nuclear explosion on 16 July 1945, which started the Atomic age. The site, which was declared a National Historic Landmark neighborhood, is open for al-tours/ tours once a year (first Saturday in April). The ground zero, where the plutonium bomb was detonated from a tower, is marked with a plain stone monument. Careful visitors can spot glassy green pieces in the dirt. It is "Trinitite", sand fused by the enormous heat of the explosion into a crusty surface. Most of Trinitite was cleared away in the years after the test with a small piece of original surface preserved in a shelter. The small fractions of Trinitite left at the site do not pose any health hazard to the visitor from the external exposure point of view, but it's not allowed to take away any Trinitite from the inner fenced area. During the Trinity site open house days it is also feasible to view Schmidt/McDonald ranch house, where the plutonium core to the bomb was assembled shortly before the test.

Nevada National Security Site - formerly the Nevada Test Site | 37.12, -116.05 near Las Vegas, Nevada ☎ +1 702 295-0944 Free NTS - Subsidence craters . Tours to the site start from Atomic Testing Museum in Las Vegas and cover several areas of the test site. They take place roughly once in a month, but must be booked many months in advance.

Semipalatinsk test site GPS 50.12,78.72 - Crater - Flickr - The Official CTBTO Photostream.jpg, Kazakhstan, can be visited from city of Semey by own means (taxi). The National Nuclear Center in nearby Kurchatov organizes official al-tours/ tours to the test area.

Atolls Bikini GPS 11.6981,165.2731 - HD.10.141 (10557020114) - and Enewetak GPS 11.552565,162.347241 Runit Dome 001 - are former US test sites at Marshall Islands. Being in the middle of the Pacific, far away from any mainland and they are difficult to visit. Bikini atoll is open for tourism from late April to November and welcomes divers participating in organized / tours]. These al-tours/ tours that start at Kwajalein|Kwajalein atoll are only available to experienced divers and the main attraction is the U.S. fleet sunk by the nuclear tests at Bikini. In the 1970s the U.S. army performed a clean up of contamination at Enewetak. As a result, radioactive materials from Enewetak and other contaminated atolls were dumped into the Cactus test crater at a tiny island Runit within the Enewetak atoll and covered by a concrete structure, known as Cactus dome.

Maralinga test site - -30.15, 131.59 Near Woomera in South Australia - A former British nuclear test site is located in land belonging to Maralinga Tjarutja people. It is in principle feasible to see the nuclear test site, but visitors must apply for access permission with Maralinga Tjarutja Council. Maralinga can only be toured with the local caretaker, which has to be arranged in advance.

Montebello Isands - 20.43, 115.53 Off the Pilbara coast in Western Australia, 135km West of Karratha - A former British nuclear test site. It is feasible to take nuclear safari tour. Another option for experienced sailors is chartering a boat and discovering the place by own means. Remains of the testing activities in the 1950s (eg bunkers) can be found at some islands (Trimouille Island), as well as elevated radiation. Therefore the authorities recommend to limit your stay to 1 hour per day in these zones. The area is a part of Montebello Islands Marine Park, where special conditions for protecting marine life apply.

Béryl Incident - GPS 24.066, 5.060 about 150 kilometers north of Tamanrasset

France and the fourth country to produce a nuclear weapon conducted some of their early tests in Sahara as much of Western Africa still was a French colony into the 1960s. On 1 May 1962 an underground test at In Eker in today's Algeria went wrong and observers including soldiers and government officials were exposed to radiation. If you happen to drive north-south across the Sahara along the road from Algiers to Tamanrasset, you will pass right next to the area.

Peaceful use of nuclear explosions

In the USA, 27 peaceful nuclear explosions were conducted within Operation Plowshare to test the use of nuclear explosions for various civilian purposes, such as excavating channels or harbors and stimulating natural gas production from sediment layers. Most of the shots were performed at the Nevada test site; however, some of the test sites in Colorado and New Mexico are accessible for the public.

Gusbuggy test site - 36.677962, -107.207964 25 miles Southwest of Chama (New Mexico) | Dulce, NM - Gasbuggy - A small monument with a plaque containing a brief description of the event at the surface round zero. The site is in Carson National Forest and open to public access.

Rulison test site 39.405278, -108.368 15 mi Southwest of Rifle and 9 miles from Hw. 70, Parachute, CO, along a gravel road, Garfield County Route 338. - Rulison Test Site Today - A small monument with a plaque containing a brief description of the event at the surface ground zero.

Rio Blanco test site 39.793, -107.948528 50 mi Northwest of Rifle the last couple of miles via unpaved Rio Blanco County Route 29, but still easily accessible for non-4x4 vehicles.

|wikidata=. This was the final test in the Plowshare program, with three devices being detonated underground in order to stimulate natural gas production in 1973. While the prodution increased slightly and the gas was too radioactive to be used. A small monument was erected at the surface ground zero. Rio Blanco Test Site.jpg

Sites of nuclear accidents

Some might find it unethical or at least controversial for tourists to visit sites where many people suffered following an accident, especially if local guides are repeatedly exposed to radiation when leading tour groups through exclusion zones too "hot" for residents to return.

Conversely, some welcome tourism as an alternative means to support local economies.

Accidents in nuclear power plants or nuclear materials production sites

Sarcophagus construction - New sarcophagus construction in Chernobyl

Chernobyl|Pripyat, Chornobyl Oblast Ukraine 51.39009, 30.10468 - Pripyat - amusement park 01 - The Chernobyl disaster of 26 April 1986 is an event classified at level 7 (the highest) on the International Nuclear Event Scale. Pripyat and Chornobyl are now radioactive ghost towns, which can be visited as part of organized tours. Although the original decaying Chernobyl sarcophagus was constructed with lots of concrete by heroic workers there are plans that by 2017 a 32,000 tonne stainless steel arch will be thrust from its place of construction on Teflon pads to cover the ramshackle original.

Svc3 - View west of the Sellafield facility, with the Irish Sea in the background

Sellafield GPS 54.4205,-3.4975 Sellafield view from Visitors Centre - - 306975.jpg, United Kingdom, has been the site of a number of accidents, including the 1957 fire of the original Windscale former nuclear reactor. During those accidents some radioactive waste ended up in the Irish sea, near Whitehaven. Also, during the reactor fire radioactivity was released through the chimney. However the major portion was contained by the high-capacity filters mounted on the chimney (known as "Cockcroft's Folly" after the Nobel prize winning physicist Sir John Cockcroft, who insisted on having them mounted at great expense, although they hadn't been included in the original design. Their shape contributed to the iconic silhouette of the nuclear complex. However, in 2014 the second of two chimneys was decommissioned and is no longer part of the Sellafield skyline.)

The nuclear site has been hosting a number of nuclear reprocessing operations. There used to be a visitors' centre, but it is no longer open.

When spending time on nearby beaches (for example the one in Seascale), you might be lucky enough to spot the Sellafield environmental monitoring workers beachcombing for "hot particles" using a special all-terrain vehicle.

Three Mile Island GPS 40.152690,-76.717409 =3 mile Island from Goldsboro PA near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States was the worst commercial nuclear power plant accident in the USA on 28 March 1979. During the reactor core meltdown, radioactivity, mainly in the form of radioiodine and noble gases, was released to the surrounding environment. There is no visitors' center commemorating the event, only a historic marker (at the given coordinates in Middletown (Dauphin County) | Middletown) with a fine view across the Susquehanna river towards the power station.

Radiation hotspot in Kashiwa 02 - |A marked radioactive hotspot in Fukushima

Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant GPS 37.4214,141.0325 - Fukushima 1 Nuclear Power Plant 02 - in Japan was seriously damaged by a tsunami following a magnitude 9 earthquake on March 11, 2011. Large areas of Fukushima (prefecture) | Fukushima prefecture coast are being decontaminated, while some 80,000 inhabitants had to be resettled. Tours are offered to the visitors to get first-hand impressions from areas affected by the great Tohoku earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear accident. The participants can experience, how local people and businesses are coping with the recovery from the disasters.

Accidents of nuclear weapon carrying aircraft

During the Cold War there were several accidents involving thermonuclear weapons, and some of them led to local environment contamination. These are a few of them.

In Faro GPS 35.493041,-77.859262 - Goldsboro Mk 39 Bomb 1.jpeg near Goldsboro (North Carolina), USA a B-52 crash dropped a hydrogen bomb which failed to detonate in 1961. The event is commemorated by a historical road marker in the town of Eureka, 3 miles (4.8 kilometers) north of the crash site.
A crater GPS 34.205556,-79.655278 - Atomic bomb crater site - about 23 m wide and 11 m deep was left after another accident, in which a B-47 "Stratojet" crew mistakenly released a Mark 6 bomb while flying over Mars Bluff, South Carolina, on March 11, 1958 afternoon. The bomb went off by a conventional explosion at the property of local family Gregg and injured several family members. The crater can be visited from SC Highway 76 (East Palmetto Street) via a marked trail. There is an informational board and mock up of the bomb's size at the site. Nearby museum - GPS: 34.19563,-79.76632 = in Florence (South Carolina) | Florence has the story to tell including some historical artifacts connected to the event.
In 1966 after an unsuccessful inflight refueling operation an US bomber B-52 carrying four hydrogen bombs crashed in Palomares GPS 37.247,-1.797 Palomares barrels - between Almería and Cartagena (Spain) | Cartagena, Spain. Now, after cleanup operations and the area is used extensively for agricultural production. Two of the "hot areas" are closed to the public by a fence.
Another accident occurred in 1968, when B-52 "Stratofortress" with four hydrogen bombs on board crashed onto the sea ice near the Thule Air Base GPS 76.527778,-69.281944 - Crested Ice Tank Loading.jpg, Greenland. The nearest civilian settlement is Qaanaaq, 100 kilometers to the north.

Manhattan Project-related sites

"Manhattan Project", named for the Manhattan Engineering District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, is a cover name for a war-time US military effort to develop an atomic weapon. Geographically and the project was spread over about 30 sites across the United States (and Canada). The best known are the secret laboratory in Los Alamos and factories to supply the fissile materials by enriching uranium and producing plutonium in reactors in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Hanford site near Richland, Washington. These three sites are also formally recognized as Manhattan Project National Historical Park.

Chicago Pile-1 site Chicago/Hyde Park|South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 41.792222, -87.600833

Site of First Self-Sustaining Nuclear Reaction (10585075464) - A monument at a site of the first fission reactor constructed by team of Enrico Fermi (originally under the stands of Stagg Field and the University's abandoned football stadium) was successfully tested.

Site A/ GPS 41.702364,-87.913306 Marker at Site A - Plot Monday Disposal Site, Illinois - 41.707268, -87.913306 Western Suburbs (Illinois) | Red Gate Woods

Marker at Plot M - Radioactive waste disposal sites at former grounds of Argonne National Laboratory. At site A Chicago Pile-1 reactor along with other radioactive waste was buried. Monuments commemorate the event. - Hanford Site near Richland, Washington - 46.63, -119.65 Halfway between Othello and Sunnyside, WA - View of the b reactor at the hanford site - Location of the B Reactor (U.S. National Historic Landmark since 2008) which produced some of the plutonium for the Trinity test and the Fat Man bomb. The al-tours/ tours to the B Reactor building connected to a bus tour through the Hanford site (April - Sep) must be booked in advance.

George Herbert Jones Laboratory, Chicago, Illinois Chicago/Hyde Park|5747 South Ellis Ave, Chicago 41.790342, -87.601025 - George Herbert Jones Laboratory Room 405, George Herbert Jones Laboratory, The University of Chicago (7189830229) This is a laboratory at the University of Chicago, where trace quantity of plutonium and the first artificial element, was isolated and characterized in 1942. Room 405 was named a National Historic Landmark in 1967. In the 1980s Department of Energy remediated the lab from World War II-era radioactive waste. The building is private property, but open during the daytime and it is feasible to enter the lobby of the laboratory and view a collection of the specialized equipment used to perform the measurements.

Atomic museums

Nuclear jet engines, - Experimental HTRE reactors for nuclear aircraft, EBR-1 site, Idaho

Memorial complex of Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant - Obninsk, Kaluga Oblast, Russia 55.085319, 36.574044 ☎ +7 48439 95111 or +7 48439 98043 - The first Nuclear Power Plant in the world.

American Museum of Science and Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee - 300 South Tulane Ave, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 36.0106, -84.2573 ☎ +1 865 576-3200 Opening Hours: Monday - Saturday 9 am-5 pm, Sunday 1-5 pm $5 (Adults), $3 (Children) American Museum of Science and Energy Oak-ridge-amse-tn1 - History of the Manhattan Project and the role of Oak Ridge plant within the project. There are bomb casings on display.

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A three hour long guided bus tour departs from the museum on some working days in summer season (March to November, for detailed schedule check the AMSE webpage]). The tour takes visitors to the U.S. Department of Energy facilities: Y-12 (Uranium enrichment plant) Visitor Center or Oak Ridge National Laboratory Graphite Reactor, commonly called X-10 Graphite Reactor GPS 35.92805,-84.317592 - X-10 Graphite Reactor - July 2011.jpg|1280px]]. It was the second nuclear reactor after Enrico Fermi's Chicago pile, now the world’s oldest nuclear reactor preserved as national historic landmark. X-10 was the first nuclear reactor to produce Plutonium 239 within the Manhattan Project. Only U.S. citizens can join the tour.

National Atomic Testing Museum - |National Atomic Testing Museum, Las Vegas

National Atomic Testing Museum - 755 E Flamingo Road, Las Vegas 36.11440, -115.14863 ☎ +1 702 794-5151 Opening Hours: Monday - Saturday 10AM Monday - 5PM, Sunday 12PM Monday - 5PM Museum $14, Museum and Area 51 exhibit $20 National Atomic Testing Museum.JPG Artifacts, pictures, maps and video footage presenting nuclear weapons testing and development in the southwestern US. If you're interested in science and history it's definitely worth visiting, and it's also a great break if you've become tired of the Strip. Videography requires special permission.

Bradbury Science Museum, Los Alamos - 1350 Central Avenue, Los Alamos, NM 35.881559, -106.298033 ☎ +1 505 667-4444 Opening Hours: Tuesday - Saturday 10 am–5 pm, Sunday Mo: 1–5 pm| price=Admission free - BradburyScienceMuseum.JPG The museum is devoted to the history and the current research in the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Great part of the exposition covers the history of the Manhattan Project.

Los Alamos Historical Museum - 1050 Bathtub Row, Los Alamos, New Mexico 35.883617, -106.301834 just north of Fuller Lodge ☎ +1 505 662-4493 Opening Hours: Summer: Monday to Friday 9:30 am-4:30 pm, Saturday to Sunday 11am-4 pm; Winter: Monday to Friday 10am-4 pm, Saturday to Sunday 11am-4 pm Admission free History of life in the Secret City during the Manhattan Project. (In 2016, a Temporary Museum Site is open at 475 20th Street as the museum is under renovation and expansion.)

National Museum of Nuclear Science & History in Albuquerque - National Atomic Museum - 601 Eubank at Southern Blvd Albuquerque, New Mexico 35.066, -106.5339 ☎ +1 505 245-2137 Opening Hours: daily 9:00am-5:00pm, closed on vacation days $8 - The museum serves as America's resource for nuclear history and science. The Museum exhibits and educational programs convey the diversity of individuals and events that shaped the historical and technical context of the nuclear age.

* Experimental Breeder Reactor I GPS 43.51132,-113.0064 - EBR-I.jpg, Arco (Idaho) | Arco, Idaho - the first nuclear reactor to produce electrical power, first breeder reactor, and first reactor to use plutonium as fuel
Savannah River Site, South Carolina - 33.24644, -81.6679 30 mi Southeast of Augusta (Georgia) ☎ +1 803 952-8994 (tours) Free Savannah River Site Savannah-river-site Production site of plutonium and tritium. A limited number of bus al-tours/ tours are offered, and must be reserved in advance.

Titan Missile Museum - 1580 West Duval Mine Road, Sahuarita, Green Valley 31.902663, -110.999576 30 minutes south of Tucson ☎ +1 520-625-7736 Titanc II missile - looking down - Titan Missile Museum - Opening Hours: daily 8:45AM Monday - 5PM $9.50 (adults) Site south of Tucson preserves a Cold-War-era underground silo housing an unarmed Titan-II ICBM and the only remaining Titan Missile silo in the US. Part of a larger field of such silos, this was one of the places from which nuclear war on the Soviet Union would have been waged. Visitors can take a tour of the underground facilities where USAF crews spent decades living underground waiting for the launch order which never came.

Research reactors

Crocus-p1020483 - Nuclear installations at the EPFL - the core of the Crocus reactor

Several sites operate nuclear reactors for either nuclear reactor safety training or for nuclear science experiments using them as neutron sources. Neutron scattering is an effective ways to obtain information on the structure and the dynamics of condensed matter. These days accelerators like the Spallation Neutron Source based in Oakridge allow more intense neutron beams. Nevertheless several reactors are in on-going operations. Fundamental and solid state physics, chemistry, materials science, biology, medicine and environmental science pose scientific questions that are investigated with neutrons.

In contrast to nuclear fission, where unstable atoms decay into smaller atoms and there exists also an attempt of nuclear fusion, where energy would be gained by processes similarly to what happens in the core of stars by the fusion of two light elements in a heavier one. ITER is an international nuclear research and engineering project to build the first the world's largest experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor.

==Operating reactors

CROCUS | École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland 46.520, 6.565 - A light-water, zero-power nuclear reactor for research and teaching at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne.

Forschungsreaktor München II - FRM II - @.tum.de Lichtenbergstraße 1, Garching bei München 48.266, 11.676 U6 to Garching-Forschungszentrum ☎ +49 089 289 12147 The reactor is an optimised neutron source. Almost 50% of experiments are performed using cold neutrons. The compact construction of the fuel element means that more than 70% of the neutrons leave the uranium zone and build up to a maximum thermal neutron flux density at a distance of 12cm from the surface of the fuel element. From where they are distributed to the experiments. Please register early in advance your visit either by email or phone. The visitor needs to be older than 16 years, not pregnant and no phones or cameras are allowed inside.

Institute of Atomic and Subatomic Physics - Atominstitut - Stadionallee 2, Vienna, Austria 48.197003, 16.412999 Vienna/Inner East ☎ +43 1 588 01 141391€4/person - The 250 kW TRIGA Mark II reactor in the Viennese Prater started operation in 1962. The reactor is a training ground for the international Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors and neighbouring countries. The Atominstitut offers guided al-tours/ tours for groups upon previous registration.

ITER - International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor or "the way" (Latin) - Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, St. Paul-lez-Durance 43.704956, 5.769194 CPA bus line 150 (Aix-en-Provence --St Paul lez Durance) ☎ +33 4 42 17 66 25 Free of charge, groups > 8 need to book a bus |wikidata=. The ITER project aims to make the transition from experimental studies of plasma physics to an electricity-producing fusion power plants. ITER is designed to produce 500 megawatts of output power. Visitors are welcome year round on the first Friday of every month at the ITER site. General public visits include a stop at the Visitor's Centre for a presentation of the project followed by guided tour of the ITER platform where the ITER scientific facilities are under construction. Visit requests should be made at least four weeks in advance via on-line tool.

Wendelstein 7-X fusion device - Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik - Wendelsteinstraße 1, Greifswald, Germany 54.07295, 13.42500 ☎ +49 3834 88-1203 or +49 3834 88-1800 In Greifswald the large Wendelstein 7-X fusion reactor (stellarator) is under construction. The device as well as technology and workshops can be toured upon previous booking.

Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin - 52.41, 13.129444 - The 10MW research reactor BER II delivers neutron beams for a wide range of scientific investigations. On open house day, interested visitors are allowed to take guided al-tours/ tours through the experimental halls around the research reactor. Scientists and reactor experts will be there on these days to answer questions about the facility and the safety measures.

Swiss Spallation Neutron Source - SINQ - Paul Scherrer Institut bldg. WHGA/147, Villigen PSI, Swiss 47.538554, 8.229899 about 10 kilometers north of Brugg - SINQ is designed as a neutron source mainly for research with extracted beams of thermal and cold neutrons, but hosts also facilities for isotope production and neutron activation analysis.

TRIGA Mark I - at the University of California, Irvine, in Irvine, California, US - The original prototype for the TRIGA (Training Research Isotopes General Atomic) reactor, one of the safest reactor designs. 66 such reactors are or have been operational worldwide, mostly at universities for educational use. The reactor has been declared a nuclear historical landmark.

F-1 - 55.796111, 37.478611 Kurchatov Institute, Moscow - The first functioning nuclear reactor in Europe (Dec 1946) is still running.

==Decommissioned reactors

PLUTO reactor 51.569708, -1.32809 in Harwell, Oxfordshire, England - PLUTO reactor - - PLUTO was a materials testing reactor based on the DIDO design. It had an output of 26MW and operated from 1957 to 1990.

ZEEP - Zero Energy Experiment Pile - in Deep River, Ontario, Canada ZEEP - Built by the Chalk River Laboratories, ZEEP operated from 1945 to 1973 and was the first functioning nuclear reactor outside the United States. Dismantled in 1997, ZEEP is on display in Ottawa at the Ottawa#See|Canada Science and Technology Museum.

Other

Nuclear power plant building sites never finished

Some nuclear power plants never had a nuclear fission reaction happening on their site, as they were not turned on.

Bataan Nuclear Power Plant - 1 4.629167, 120.313611 150 pesos (2023) Bataan Nuclear Power Plant The Philippine's only attempt to build a nuclear power plant, this USD2.3 billion plant was completed in 1984, at which point testing of systems began. In 1986 and the authoritarian Marcos government behind the project was overthrown and, following the Chernobyl disaster later that year and the new government decided to mothball the plant. The Bataan Nuclear Power Plant was completed and has been maintained since then, but was never fuelled to operate. All uranium was removed by 1997. Due to the high cost of maintaining the plant and the Philippine government announced in 2011 that the plant would be turned into a tourist attraction. The tour admission fee of ₱200 includes use of the adjacent private beach of WestNuk Cove which also has some accommodation and recreation facilities.

Koeltoren als klimwand in Wunderland Kalkar - Kalkar amusement park

Kalkar - Schneller Brüter - Griether Straße 51.7631, 6.32694 Kalkar, Germany| - SNR-300 - Intended as a prototype fast breeder reactor, it is now an amusement park. One can climb on the outside of the big concrete cooling tower

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Zwentendorf Nuclear Power Plant - Zwentendorf, Austria 48.3544, 15.8847 small town in Lower Austria between Krems and Tulln next to the Danube river Zwentendorf Nuclear Power Plant - The boiling-water reactor rated at 692 megawatts electric power output was completed, but never turned on because it was not approved in a public vote. There are al-tours/ tours showing the interior, when not reserved for training.

Żarnowiec, Poland 54.7433, 18.0901 Żarnowiec Nuclear Power Plant Żarnowiec Nuclear Power Plant was being built as the first nuclear power plant in Poland with 4 Soviet design VVER-440 pressurized water reactors planned. The construction started in 1982, but after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster and the plant was not completed because of public opposition. At that time and the supporting infrastructure was almost complete, and the first reactor block was about 40% complete. The ruins of the plant are still standing.

Ruins of the Shcholkine|Crimean Atomic Energy Station GPS 45.3914,35.8023 =Крымская АЭС 1.jpg, Russia

Huemul Project - 41.106389, -71.395 on Huemul Island, just outside San Carlos de Bariloche - Huemul Project - In the early 1950s, an Austrian scientist named Ronald Richter attempted to build the world's first fusion power plant on an island in a lake in the Andes and the undertaking being known as the Huemul Project. A couple of years and an equivalent of several hundred million US dollars later it came into light that Richter never had got any proof of his design actually functioning in the first place. As the patron of the project, President Juan Perón, was ousted in 1955, Richter was arrested for fraud. Today the ruins of the project can be visited on the island, and the city itself remains a center of Argentinian nuclear research.

Sites related to German nuclear bomb project

Germany, which had had some leading nuclear scientists before the war (some of whom fled the nation after the Nazi takeover due to being Jewish, opposed to the regime or both), developed a much more modest and less advanced nuclear program than the Allies. It received less funding and was hampered by Nazi ideology which rejected some of Albert Einstein's findings as "Yahudi Physics", but its speculated existence during the war was one of the driving factors for the Manhattan project.

Haigerloch, Germany - Atomkeller Museum - 48.3668, 8.80404 A site of a former research reactor during WW 2 called Atomkeller (Atomic cellar), which never went critical. The museum tells the story of the Uranverein (Uranium society), a German attempt to develop a nuclear weapon, and shows the Haigerloch nuclear reactor replica.

Rjukan|Vemork, Norway GPS 59.871111,8.491389 P1000742Vemork.JPG}}: Heavy water production site and location of war-time heavy water sabotage. Heavy water is an important component in certain nuclear applications and was seen as critically necessary for the development of a nuclear bomb during World War II. Despite the German occupation of Norway, Norwegian underground fighters ultimately managed to keep the heavy water out of the hand of the Nazis and thereby delaying the nuclear program of Nazi Germany which ultimately failed.

Nuclear bunkers

Nuclear bunkers were meant to protect in the case of nuclear weapon explosions. During the cold war this threat was considered imminent, hence many key figures would need access to such bunkers. While nothing was likely to withstand a direct hit, bunkers were built far underground to survive a nuclear strike which landed as close as one mile (1.6km) away.

Fallout shelters were intended to shelter populations in areas far from the targets of a nuclear strike; these communities were likely to be spared direct blast damage but still become dangerously radioactive in the initial days or weeks after an attack. Often, civil defence authorities would make provision for a posted fallout shelter in the basement of a library, post office, school or other large public building. In some countries building regulations even pushed for bunkers in the cellars of small domestic buildings.

Dienststelle Marienthal - Government bunker - Ahrweiler near Bonn, Germany 50.5411, 7.08111 Opening Hours: April - Oct W,Sa,Su 10:00-17:00, last guided tour 16:30 for individual visitors. €8 Government bunker (Germany) - Nuclear bunker built in the 1960s to house the West German federal government in case of nuclear war. Constructed inside two railway tunnels beneath 110m of slate rock. After the end of Cold War the bunker was dismantled and today only 203m of the original bunker exists near Ahrweiler. This existing part was converted into the Government Bunker Documentation Site Museum.

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Atombunker Harnekop - Nuclear governmental shelter - atombunker-@ 52.694197, 13.983622 65 kilometers NE from Berlin ☎ +49 1719 440304 Opening Hours: Regular guided al-tours/ tours (in German) March - October: Sa,Su & public holidays 10:00, 12:00 & 14:00 Harnekop Nuclear Bunker A One of the East German shabby relics of the Cold War located within 1 hour's drive from Berlin at an area of a former military barracks. The bunker in Harnekop was prepared for a feasible war as the underground command post of the Ministry of National Defence of the GDR. Nowadays it's feasible to join a guided tour in the bunker after an e-mail or phone registration.

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Object 825 GTS - Balaklava submarine base - Balaklava Bay, Crimea 44.500927, 33.596521 - Naval museum complex Balaklava Top-secret military facility during the Cold War built inside a mountain, today part of the Naval museum complex in Balaklava.

F4 Object - Rákosi bunker - Budapest, Hungary - F-4 Object Several kilometers long, formerly secret nuclear shelter, 45-50m below central Budapest. Exact number of entrances is unknown. It is owned by the state and controlled by the BKV (Budapest Transport Company).

D-0 ARK Bosnia and Herzegovina, Konjic - 611m² bunker secretly built between 1953 and 1979 in Konjic, 50km southwest from Sarajevo, to house Josip Tito and other members of the Yugoslav elite. Dug 300m into a mountain, since 2011 houses D-0 ARK Underground Biennial of Contemporary Art

Diefenbunker - Emergency Government Headquarters 3911 Carp Road, Carp, Ontario 45.351, -76.048 ☎ +1 613 839-0007 +1-800-409-1965 Atomic bomb shelter built in 1959-61 (during the cold war Diefenbaker era) at the now-closed Canada Forces Station Carp as an Emergency Government Headquarters to house Canadian leaders during a nuclear attack. Now open as Canada's Cold War Museum and the Diefenbunker appears in one scene in the 2002 film Sum of all Fears. Carp is in a rural area of West Carleton, west of Ottawa.
Kelvedon Hatch Secret Nuclear Bunker - Kelvedon Hall Ln, Kelvedon Hatch, Brentwood 51.6718, 0.256556 - Kelvedon Hatch Secret Nuclear Bunker - Decommissioned in 1992, this former British government 'emergency regional defence' site located below an inconspicuous bungalow now serves as a Cold War museum.

Underground Project 131 - "131"地下工程; "131" Dìxià gōngchéng - Gaoqiao Township (高桥镇) in Xianning in Hubei, China 29.848611, 114.463889 Underground Project 131 Project-131-tunnel-9767 - A nuclear bunker and set of tunnels built in 1969 in order to provide shelter from a feasible nuclear attack from the former USSR. Although now a museum, some visitors reported that non-Chinese nationals may not be allowed to visit; others just were asked to pay the double admission price.

The Bunker at the Greenbrier - 37.7852, -80.3082 +1-844-223-3173 Adults $34; Youth $17 plus tax Project Greek Island - - This nuclear bunker was built as a top secret relocation facility for Congress carved in the mountainside at one of America`s oldest resorts. Tours are about 90 minutes in length and pre-registration is required.

Nuclear weapon sites

Minuteman Missile NHS - Minuteman Missile National Historic Site

Minuteman Missile National Historic Site Interstate-90 exit 131, east of Wall (South Dakota) 43.833, -101.90 ☎ +1 605 433-5552 Opening Hours: Daily 08:00-16:30 (visitor centre), closed weekends in winter Minuteman Missile National Historic Site Minuteman Missile NHS - 1960s Delta-01 Launch Control Facility, Launch Facility/ Missile Silo: Delta-09, visitor centre with information on Cold War history. This Minuteman Missile National Historic Site|Minuteman ICBM site 75 miles east of Rapid City South Dakota|SD could rain down nuclear devastation six thousand miles away in 30 minutes. Guided free al-tours/ tours of launch control are available from the visitor centre but numbers are limited so large groups will need to book a few weeks ahead.

Strategic Missile Forces Museum - вул. Одеська, 121, Первомайськ, Миколаївська обл. 48.186204, 30.665095 Pervomaisk, Mykolayiv Oblast, Ukraine ☎ +380 5161 54896 Strategic missile forces museum in Ukraine Former missile base (46th Missile Nizhnedneprovsk Order of the October Revolution, Red Division). Samples of rocket engines, auxiliary vehicles, mock nuclear warhead. Missiles: SS-24 "Scalpel" silo-based and RS-20 missile (SS-18 "Satan"). Guided Tours in Nuclear tourism by ehalal.io (email for prices) to Missile Forces Museum from Nikolaev Ukraine.

Olenya Bay Naval Base Submarine Graveyard 69.214167, 33.37 Olenya_Bay An incredible Soviet submarine graveyard can be seen here, with Diesel and Nuclear vessels literally dumped in the waters, some with intact nuclear reactors.

816 Nuclear Military Plant - 816地下核工厂 - Baitao Town, Fuling District, Chongqing, China (中国重庆涪陵区白涛镇) 29.55644, 107.50786 Catch a high-speed train from Chongqing North to Fuling North. From there, take bus no. 101 to Luojia Gardens (罗家花园) and then transfer to bus no. 208A or 208C to get to the destination. Opening Hours: 09:00-17:30 ¥60 816_Nuclear_Military_Plant - An immense underground facility that was originally intended to be used for the production of nuclear weapons. Construction began in 1966 and was almost completed at the time the project was cancelled in 1984. Since no plutonium or other radioactive materials were actually processed here, it is therefore safe for visitors. Unlike other nuclear sites in China and the 816 Nuclear Military Plant is open to both Chinese and foreign visitors.

Nuclear waste related sites

Nuclear waste is a big headache in all nuclear applications as it remains dangerous for timespans humans cannot generally oversee. There are various philosophies as to what to do with the waste, including putting it into abandoned salt mining tourism|mines as salt has high stability to waste heat (nuclear waste produces a lot of heat) and salt tends to naturally seal cavities. However, salt is vulnerable to water entering and there is the danger of that water connecting to groundwater, as has happened at several salt mines.

Asse II | info-@ 52.12889, 10.67083 - Asse II mine - This site, a disused salt mine, was used as a nuclear repository for weakly radioactive material by West Germany - perhaps in part due to lying close to the former German-German border - but has subsequently had major problems with entering water. Currently there is political consensus to remove the waste if and when safe, but there are still questions as to how this is to occur and when. You can get al-tours/ tours of parts of the site, including underground parts.

Morsleben radioactive waste repository | info-@ 52.2239, 11.1022 - Morsleben radioactive waste repository - The nuclear waste disposal site of East Germany (again, sited - perhaps by chance, perhaps not - close to the former German-German border) that remained in use after reunification

Konrad mine | info-@ 52.1836, 10.4028 - Konrad mine - A depository for weakly and moderately radioactive waste in a former iron ore mine

Non-categorized

The Black Hole, Los Alamos, New Mexico | This iconic place where "everything goes in and nothing comes out" was created in 1980 by Ed Grothus, a former LANL lab employee and later a peace and nuclear disarmament activist.

Black hole's shelves were filled with all kinds of second hand scientific equipment for sale: any use for a Dewar bottle or a photomultiplier tube? Or at least a can of "organic plutonium"?

Black hole was scaled down after Ed Grothus's death in 2009 and closed down altogether in 2011.

The Black Hole, Los Alamos, New Mexico - The Black Hole, Los Alamos

Ship Lucky Dragon 5, Tokyo, Japan - Daigo Fukuryū Maru - Yumenoshima Park, 3-2 Yumenoshima, Koto Ward, Tokyo 35.651, 139.8263 ☎ +81 3 3521-8494 Opening Hours: Tuesday - Sunday Free Daigo Fukuryū Maru Daigo Fukuryū Maru 01 The restored fishing boat Lucky Dragon the crew of which became unfortunate victims of nuclear fallout fallowing a thermonuclear test at Bikini Atoll is on display at Tokyo Metropolitan Daigo Fukuryū Maru Exhibition Hall. On 1 March 1954, 23 fishermen were hunting tuna near the Marshall Islands, when they witnessed the larger than predicted Castle Bravo nuclear test conducted by the US. Later on the fishermen were subjected to a strange white rain containing particles of radioactive fallout mixed with the coral reef debris. Unaware of the danger of the contamination on their bodies and the ship's surfaces and the fishermen headed back to Japan and over the following days developed symptoms of acute radiation syndrome. One crew member died later in hospital.

A Memorial to the X-ray martyrs of the world in Hamburg Ehrenmal der Radiologie - 53.55903, 10.01975 Garden of St. Georg hospital - This monument is devoted to researchers, physicians, physicists, radiographers, laboratory technicians and nurses who died from injuries or illnesses caused by prolonged exposure to radiation used in medicine. On the list of about 360 names of radiologists from 23 countries perhaps the best known are Marie Sklodowska-Curie and her daughter Irène Joliot-Curie.

Stay Safe

Radiation (xkcd) - A radiation dosage chart courtesy of webcomic artist xkcd

One obvious concern in touring nuclear sites is radiation. In fact, good news is that most of the sites listed above are safe from this point of view. Where obvious danger exists, you should be usually stopped by fence and other security measures.

In case you happen to find yourself in a less safe situation or unknown suspicious area, you will hopefully be equipped with a radiation monitor and good knowledge of how to use it. It's important to know how to interpret the readings and/or convert the units. Although officially there is nothing like a safe level or radiation and there are some levels that can help to put the numbers into context. These are some examples:

The typical yearly dose from purely natural background, consisting mainly of radon gas we breathe, building materials surrounding us, radionuclides in food we eat and from the cosmic radiation that keeps bombarding us. This value is 2.4 thousandths of Sievert (mSv) on average, with a large range between 1–13 mSv depending mainly on the geological background of the place you live.
Additionally to natural sources, artificial radiation contributes to radiation exposure of some of us. The main contributor here is medical diagnosis and treatment using radiation or radionuclides. Here the exposition varies widely based on number and type of such measures. Globally, an average person receives 0.6 mSv/yr, while in countries with well developed medical systems the numbers are higher, for example 3.14 mSv in the USA, which relies heavily on testing like CT scans and X-rays. One bone scintigraphy scan with the use of medial isotope Tc-99m results in a one-time dose of about 5 mSv. A chest CT scan can give a dose of 5–10 mSv, which is much higher than a simple chest x-ray of 0.2 mSv.
Members of flight crews receive some 1.5 mSv annual dose due to increased cosmic radiation in high altitudes.
The limit for members of the public in the Fukushima exclusion zone was set as 20 mSv/yr.
Occupational limits for radiation workers are usually at 50 mSv/yr.

The way to protect yourself against external radiation exposure (like radiation coming from soil polluted with radioactive fallout) is to limit the time spent in the polluted area and keep your distance from the source (locations).

During your exploration you certainly want to avoid internal contamination, that means ingesting radionuclides by eating or drinking contaminated food, or inhaling radioactive particles. Some easy protective measures are therefore avoiding eating and drinking and wearing a respirator. If there may be radioactive dust or water, you also want to avoid carrying that out from the area in your clothes or hair. Be sure to get clean before touching any food or anything that you will regard clean.

Another kind of more general risks can arise from exploration of abandoned or off-limits urban locations. These include injuries or feasible legal consequences. For more details check the Urbex#Stay_safe|Urbex eHalal Travel Guide.

Nuclear tourism

From Halal Explorer

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