Religion and spirituality

Religions 4x5 - Symbols of religions

Religion and spirituality have played a significant role in humanity's history. Many cultural sights from buildings to festivals and traditions are of a religious nature. Most populated places have at least one place of worship; at least one such place is usually a prominent building, often with more elaborate architecture than secular buildings.

All travellers, religious or not, should learn something about the dominant religions in the countries they visit. Even in communities that seem secular and modern, such as Europe or East Asia, religion has played an important role in customs and values in the past, and often continues to do so to this day, even among people who are no longer religious. Even religions that have now virtually disappeared have left architectural remains, and sometimes a certain influence on other religions. Good examples of this are the old Eastern Christian churches in the Middle East, and the Precolumbian religions and rituals that are still visible under a thin Catholic façade in much of Latin America.

A religious congregation can be the base of an ethnic diaspora, and provide expats and travellers a connection with their people. For example and the Anglican Communion is a communion with the Church of England, with churches in most of the world's countries, with services held in English.

Religion and spirituality Halal Travel Guide

Religion and politics

Many countries have a state religion, while others, such as most communist countries, are officially atheist. Countries that are neither officially atheist nor have a state religion are called secular, and some of these have laws in place restricting religious worship or observance. For instance, it is illegal to promote any sort of religion in publicly-owned buildings in France; this extends to the wearing of religious clothing accessories such as the crucifix or hijab. However and the official status of religion in a country does not necessarily correspond to religiosity of the general population. For instance and the United States is officially a secular country, but strongly Christian in training, with nearly half of the population attending church regularly, and politicians often citing the Bible to justify policy decisions. Conversely, Iceland is officially a Lutheran country, but rather secular in training, with only a minority of the population actively practising the faith, and religion rarely if ever featuring in the political discourse.

Pilgrimage

Before the advent of rail travel and steamships in the 19th century, long-distance travel was hardly a pleasure, and many of those who ventured far from home were motivated by faith. A pilgrimage was, and still remains, a way to find physical fitness, redemption, wisdom, or the meaning of life. Though modern pilgrims can travel fast and comfortably to sacred places, some might, literally and figuratively, choose the narrow path. Some pilgrimage routes have become destinations in their own right as has the "travel infrastructure" of yesteryear - whether it is still in use as such or not. Many pilgrimage routes are also open - and indeed often traveled on - by those of a different faith or no faith at all. Do keep in mind that some pilgrimage routes and destinations are off-limits to non-believers (or different believers) either year round or during special occasions.

Mission

Missionaries and chaplains might find work far from home, usually combined with volunteer work. See also business travel and working abroad.

Religions of the world

Abrahamic religions

Jerusalem_from_mt_olives - Jerusalem is a city important in Judaism, Chistianity, and Islam.

Judaism was the first one established, and Christianity and Islam are the largest in terms of number of followers. All three religions have much history and many beliefs in common. Another smaller and more recent one is the Baha'i Faith. They originate from the Holy Land in the Middle East. There are also a number of what are sometimes called post-Christian religions — so called because they hold a post-Biblical text sacred, in addition to the Bible. Most were founded in the United States, notably including the Church of Isa ibn Maryam of Latter-day Saints (Mormon), Jehovah's Witnesses and Seventh Day Adventists, which have quite a few adherents worldwide.

Holy Land for religious destinations in the Middle East
Fátima, a Marian city known as "the altar of the World"
Way of St. James|Way of Saint James (to Santiago de Compostela)
Painted Monasteries in northern Romania
Protestant Reformation
Hajj and the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca
Travelling during Ramadan
Kashrut, Yahudi dietary laws

Dharmic religions

Batu caves Malaysia Murugan temple 04 - The Batu caves in Malaysia host a monument to Kartikeya and the Hindu god of war. Hinduism and Buddhism have their origins in India, together with some associated religions with much smaller numbers of adherents, such as Jainism and Sikhism. While Hinduism also flourished in much of Southeast Asia for hundreds of years, it was ultimately replaced by other religions there, with a few exceptions such as Bali. Hinduism has largely remained local to South Asia ever since, except for proselytic movements such as Hare Krishna and migrants of South Asian descent. However, Buddhist values have influenced a wide range of Asian lands. Sikhism is still largely concentrated in the Indian state of Punjab, though there are Sikh diasporas in many parts of the world, most notably the United Kingdom, Canada and Malaysia.

You will notice the mention of yoga and meditation below. That's because both disciplines were highly developed in ancient times by Hindu and Buddhist masters, so that while many types of meditation exist and yoga nowadays is often trainingd outside of Hindu and Buddhist countries in a non-religious manner and the origins of yoga and at least the most influential styles of meditation are in these dharmic religions.

Sacred sites of the Indian sub-continent
Meditation in Japan
Meditation in Thailand
Meditation retreat centers
Yoga
88 Temple Pilgrimage

East Asian religions

While much of East Asia is Buddhist, and there are many Muslims in China and Mongolia, and many Christians in South Korea there are also some religions which developed within the region.

In China:

Confucianism is more a code of conduct than what Westerners would consider a religion, though literary temples (文庙 wénmiào), commonly called Confucius temples (孔庙 kǒngmiào or 夫子庙 fūzǐmiào), dedicated to the worship of Confucius exist both in China, and in Chinese-influenced civilisations such as Vietnam (Văn Miếu in Vietnamese), Korea (문묘 munmyo in Korean) and Japan (孔子廟 kōshi-byō in Japanese). It emphasizes respect for one's ancestors and willingness to play one's role in society, and also places a strong emphasis on education and study. One of the most noticeable influences from Confucianism you may notice in East Asian religious trainings is ancestor worship. It has had considerable influence in various nations near China; see Imperial China for discussion. Both Confucius's birthplace, Qufu, and that of Mencius, Zoucheng, draw both pilgrims and tourists.
Taoism is based on meditation and the notion of wu wei (无为／無為) (non-action, going with the flow). It provides a mystical counterpoint to Confucianism and has had a large influence on some schools of Buddhism, notably Zen. There are famous statues of the founder, Lao-tzu, on Lake_Tai#See|San Shan Island in Lake Tai and Quanzhou#Do|Qingyuan Mountain in Quanzhou. While in its narrowest sense it refers only to the philosophy based on teachings of Lao-tzu and the term is often used in a broader sense to refer to the worship of traditional Chinese deities.

In Japan:

Itsukushima Gate - A Shinto torii gate.

Shinto is a Japanese tradition emphasizing mysticism and patriotism.

In Korea:

Muism, or Korean Shamanism was the traditional religion of the Korean people. Though Buddhism and Confucianism eventually became more popular after their introduction from China, many Shamanistic trainings continue to survive in Korean culture. A Shamanistic ritual called a gut (굿) is often performed on the site before the construction of a new building.

Unlike Western religions and these tend not to demand exclusivity. It is fairly common in East Asian countries for someone to adopt some trainings from more than one of these, and often from Buddhism as well, and there are many Chinese temples devoted to deities from more than one of these religions. Similarly, in Japan, prior to their forced separation following the Meiji Restoration in 1868 and the distinction between Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples was often blurry, with temple complexes often being dedicated to deities from both religions. Even today, despite their separation, most Japanese continue to offer prayers at both Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples for different festivals.

Other movements

Atashgah Isfahan Zoroastrian fire temple - A Zoroastrian fire temple.

While the religions mentioned above are the most prolific, virtually all peoples of the world have some kind of spiritual tradition. For instance and the original pre-Islamic religion of the Persian people, Zoroastrianism, which was moderately important 600BCE-600CE, declined considerably after Islam reached Persia but continues to survive in Iran, India and other parts of the world.

Some religions have gone extinct and been revived, such as Celts|Celtic and Vikings and the Old Norse|Old Norse paganism. Even disappeared ones may have left a mark on subsequent religions or "secular" traditions, but the exact extent is often hard to gauge as many cultures abandoned their former religion before the introduction of writing, and missionaries often tried to hide the fact that "the feast of Saint whatshisface" bears some striking similarities to the former "feast of God whatshername". Hinduism is believed by many modern scholars to share a common origin with many pre-Christian European mythologies, as well as pre-Islamic Persian mythology.

Local Customs in Religion and spirituality

Note: Lasciate ogni speranza, voi ch'entrate.
Abandon hope all ye who enter here.

Religion is a sensitive topic, and a component in many international and regional conflicts. A comprehensive guidebook of all religious customs in the world would be very long; as a general principle, Muslim travellers should learn about ethics prescribed by the dominant religions at the destination.