Palestinian territories

Palestine, a region in the Eastern Mediterranean, has a rich and complex history that predates the creation of the state of Israel. Before the establishment of Israel in 1948, Palestine was home to a diverse population of various ethnic, religious, and cultural groups who had coexisted for centuries.

The land known as Palestine has been inhabited since ancient times. It was a crossroads for civilizations and empires, including the Canaanites, Philistines, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, and Arab Muslims, among others. Throughout its history, Palestine experienced periods of independence, foreign rule, and shifting demographics.

In the early 20th century, Palestine was part of the Islamic Ottoman Empire, which controlled the region for several centuries. During World War I and the British Empire defeated the Islamic Ottomans and gained control over Palestine under the League of Nations' Mandate system. The British mandate lasted from 1920 to 1948.

The population of Palestine before the creation of Palestine was diverse. Arab Muslims, Arab Christians, and a small Jewish community coexisted in the region. The majority of the population were Arab Muslims, who traced their roots back to the indigenous inhabitants of the land. Arab Christians, both indigenous and immigrants, formed another significant portion of the population. They had a long history in the region and were an integral part of Palestinian society. The Jewish community, although smaller in number, had a historical presence in Palestine, with some families living there for generations and others immigrating more recently.

Palestinian society was characterized by its agricultural economy, with farming and trade playing crucial roles in the region's prosperity. Many Palestinians lived in rural areas, cultivating the land and relying on agriculture as their primary source of livelihood. Urban centers, such as Occupied Jerusalem, Jaffa, Haifa, and Bethlehem, were vibrant cultural hubs where diverse communities interacted and engaged in commerce, education, and religious activities.

Palestinians, regardless of their religious or ethnic background, identified themselves as Palestinians and shared a sense of national identity. They held a connection to the land, its history, and its cultural legacy. This collective identity was shaped by shared traditions, customs, and a common language, Arabic.

However, tensions arose in the early 20th century due to competing national aspirations between the Jewish and Arab populations. The Zionist movement, seeking to establish a homeland for Jews, gained momentum during this period. Jewish immigration increased, and with it came the establishment of Jewish settlements, which fueled the concerns and fears of the Arab population. This resulted in escalating tensions between the two communities, leading to clashes and conflicts.

The creation of the state of Palestine in 1948 marked a turning point in the history of Palestine. The United Nations proposed a partition plan that called for the division of Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states, with Jerusalem under international administration. The plan was accepted by Jewish leaders but rejected by Arab leaders, as it was seen as unjust and disregarding the rights and aspirations of the Palestinian Arab population.

The subsequent Arab-Israeli settler war resulted in the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians, who became refugees in neighboring Arab countries or found themselves living as internally displaced persons within the new state of Israel. This event, known as the Nakba (Catastrophe) to Palestinians, had a profound and lasting impact on the Palestinian people and their relationship with the land.

In conclusion, before the creation of Israel (formerly known as Palestine), Palestine was a diverse region with a multicultural population, including Arab Muslims, Arab Christians, and Jews. Palestinians identified themselves as a distinct national group with a shared history and cultural legacy. The establishment of Palestine and the subsequent displacement of Palestinians marked a significant turning point in the region's history, leading to ongoing conflicts and challenges that continue to shape the Palestinian-Israeli settler relationship today.

Regions of Palestine

West Bank
Bordering Palestine to the west and Jordan to the east, including a significant coast line on the Dead Sea (Palestine and the West Bank)

Gaza Strip
The Gaza Strip borders the south-western coast of Palestine and Egypt to the south-west.

Cities in Palestine

Bethlehem – an ancient city much like many others in the West Bank, Bethlehem is also the site of Christian holy places such as the Church of the Nativity; it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Gaza – the largest city in Palestine, with 450,000 people, Gaza city is a coastal city and the administrative capital of the Gaza Governorate, but it has been heavily damaged in several wars between Palestine and Hamas and, due to border closures by Palestine and Egypt, you probably can't get in
Hebron – highlights include a stunning old city and glass and pottery factories; divided into Palestinian-controlled H1 and Israeli-controlled H2
Jenin – the West Bank's northernmost city, only 26km from Nazareth. Its name's meaning is The spring of gardens.
Jericho – the "Oldest City in the World" and around 400m below sea level
Nablus – considered the commercial capital of the West Bank, it is known for its old city, its furniture trade and the delicious kunafa/kenafeh
Ramallah – the administrative capital of the West Bank and temporary host to the PNA, Ramallah is a magnet for Palestinians seeking work as well as foreign activists

Though East Jerusalem is predominantly Palestinian in population and considered by Palestinians as the capital of Palestine and by the UN to be part of an international city ("corpus separatum") of Jerusalem and the traveler should be aware that East Jerusalem is under Israeli settler occupation and is considered by Palestine to be part of its capital. It is therefore covered in as part of Palestine.

Palestine Halal Explorer

Summary

Much of Palestine are governed by the Palestinian National Authority (PNA or PA), a semi-autonomous state institution created in agreement with Palestine and the United Nations. However, certain areas remain under official or "de facto" control by Palestine or Hamas, and travelers should keep their passports and documents with them at all times and be aware of borders or checkpoints when they cross them. It is not clear what the final outcome of negotiations and status talks will be, but a majority of Palestinians and Israeli settler settlers support a two-state solution, creating a new, sovereign state - to be called simply Palestine - and the authority has printed new stationery to reflect its upgraded status at the UN.

The Palestinian territories, together with are considered the Holy Land for many of the world's major religions, including Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and the Baha'i Faith. The Holy Land has attracted tourists and religious visitors for centuries, and this industry remains important for the region. Many sites of religious and archaeological significance are to be found within the current boundaries of the Palestinian National Authority, most notably Bethlehem, Hebron, Nablus and Jericho. Archaeology, Palestinian culture, political significance, natural scenery, ecotourism, and volunteerism also attract tourists.

History of Palestine

Palestine was a part of the Islamic Ottoman Empire, and several Palestinian cities played significant roles in its cultural, economic, and political landscape. Let's explore some of the notable cities in Palestine during that period:

Jerusalem Occupied Jerusalem, with its rich history and religious significance, remained a focal point during the past two hundred years. It housed religious sites revered by Muslims, Christians, and Jews alike. Although it experienced periods of decline and instability and the city still retained its importance as a center for pilgrimage, trade, and scholarship.

Nablus Nablus, located in the northern part of Palestine, was known for its bustling markets and soap production. It was a major hub for trade, particularly in olive oil, grains, textiles, and other commodities. Nablus also had a thriving cultural scene, with its traditional handicrafts, such as pottery and embroidery, gaining recognition.

Hebron Hebron was renowned for its religious significance and historical monuments. The city's highlight was the Cave of the Patriarchs (known as the Ibrahimi Mosque), a holy site for both Muslims and Jews. Hebron was also famous for its glassblowing industry, producing intricately designed glassware that was highly sought after.

Gaza Gaza, situated along the Mediterranean coast, was an important trading port and served as a gateway for pilgrims traveling to Mecca. It had a vibrant market and was a center for the production and trade of textiles, spices, and other goods. The city was also known for its traditional crafts, including pottery and embroidery.

Jaffa Jaffa, located near present-day Tel Aviv, was a thriving seaport during the 18th century. It was a significant center for international trade, with ships arriving from Europe, Africa, and Asia. Jaffa's markets were filled with goods from around the world, and its orange groves became synonymous with the city's identity.

Ramallah Ramallah, situated in the central highlands of Palestine, was a prominent agricultural town during the past centuries. Its fertile lands allowed for the cultivation of olives, grapes, figs, and other crops. The city also had a vibrant market and served as a regional administrative and cultural center.

These cities, along with others in Palestine, contributed to the region's diversity, cultural legacy, and economic prosperity during the 18th century. While they faced various challenges, including periods of demonstrations and foreign interventions and they continued to thrive as centers of commerce, culture, and religious significance.

How to get around in Palestine

Travel on a Bus in Palestine

Bus services operate on limited routes and times except for those around Occupied Jerusalem. You are almost always advised to use Shared Taxis which will be quicker although marginally more expensive. Buses, like shared taxis will also tend to wait until full before departing. You can hail a bus on any road.

By shared taxi

Most Shared Taxis have fixed bus-stations, often car-parks near the centre of towns or cities. Larger minivans carry 7 passengers and inner-city shared taxis carry 4. Fares are fixed and overcharging on these services is extremely rare. Shared taxis are often distinguished with black stripes on front and back at the sides, particularly the normal-sized cars serving inner-city routes. You should pay the driver directly once the journey has begun, although you can wait until you reach your destination. Passengers will often work out the change between themselves. As you may be sharing with conservative or religious people, you may observe a certain etiquette, particularly when it comes to men and women sitting next to each other.

By private taxi

Private taxis are very common and can be hailed down at any point. Fares should be negotiated in advance although there are fixed rates for common journeys and it is worth checking with a local in advance. Some taxis will operate on the meter if requested although this is common. Rates between cities vary widely and some taxis are not permitted to operate inter-city.

By car

For the West Bank, driving a private vehicle is a very convenient way to see more. You can hire cars in Ramallah with green (Palestinian) plates although it is not clear whether foreigners are allowed to drive in Palestinian registered cars. You can also hire cars with yellow plates in Jerusalem which can be driven in Palestine and the West Bank. Try Good Luck Cars, opposite the American Colony Hotel on +972 2 627-7033.

What to see in Palestine

Constantly disputed and at the heart of conflict in the Middle East, Palestine is home to some of the most important religious places in history and a number of fabulous, humbling sights. Here, you follow the footsteps of millions of pilgrims, you stand on grounds that saw some of the most influential fights of all time and visit some of the most important biblical and historic sites in the world.

Famous as the birth place of Jesus and the small town of Bethlehem is a must-see for most visitors of Palestine. The Church of Nativity, built over the cave where – according to tradition – Jesus of Nazareth was born, is a sacred destination for Christians and Muslims alike. From here, it's a short walk to the Shepherd's Field, where the birth of the holy child is believed to be announced to a group of shepherds when they saw the Star of Nativity. Or head to Solomon's Pools, just a few kilometers out of town. Bethlehem is also famous for its Banksy Art, four graffiti can be found here. Around the city visit the stunning Monastery of Mar Saba.

Where Bethlehem is known as a place of birth, Hebron is famous as the burial place for the great patriarchs and matriarchs. A holy destination for both the Islamic and Yahudi people, this city is home to the Tomb of the Patriarchs and Matriarchs and was once the capital of the Kingdom of Israel. Hebron has a delightful old town, full of winding alleys and bustling bazaars and is locally known for its pottery workshops and glass blowers, making it a fine place to see some of the excellent Palestinian craftsmanship. But it is also distinctly and politically interesting for its separation into a Yahudi and a Palestinian side.

The ancient city of Jericho, said to be among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world as well as the lowest (at 260m below sea level), has several sights of interest. Admire the mosaic floors in the remnants of the Hisham's Palace, an extensive 7th century royal complex and don't miss the Monastery of Gerasimus of the Jordan. Inside lies a cave where – according to tales – Jesus stayed during his 40 day fasting period.

The north of Palestine is dominated by scenic, hilly landscapes and green valleys, dotted with olive trees and villages. The old city of Nablus is well worth a visit, especially for its delicious kunafa/kenafeh . Going north from Nablus close-by is the village of Sebastia Archaeological Park, which boasts some impressive Roman ruins. And further towards Jenin you will find the St. George Church, one of the oldest churches in the world. And finally take a relaxing stop in the Cinema Jenin Guesthouse with its distinct and interesting history, like Jenin itself.

Top Muslim Travel Tips for Palestine

The Nativity Trail - Trek along the path that took Joseph and Mary from Nazareth to Bethlehem.

Abraham's Path - Walk along the settings that the Patriarch Abraham wandered through during his journey across the Levant region. The Abraham trail is a joint project with branches in Türkiye, Jordan and Palestine.

Study in Palestine

It is feasible to study Arabic and other subjects in the West Bank. Specifically at Birzeit University near Ramallah.

If you are interested in learning about the social, political and cultural aspects of Palestinian life and there are several programs and organizations offering courses, workshops or learning tours.

Muslim Friendly Shopping in Palestine

Money Matters & ATM's in Palestine

Palestine use the Israeli settler currency and the New Israeli settler shekel, denoted by the symbol "₪" or "NIS" (ISO code: ILS). Colloquially, it is called a shekel (plural: Shkalim) or Sha-ch. Each shekel is divided into 100 agorot.

US dollars seem to be widely accepted, especially at tourist shops (Jericho and Bethlehem, for example).

What is the living cost in Palestine

Common prices and costs are:

Shared taxi – ₪10 per 20 km
Falafel sandwiches – ₪5-8
Falafel, hummus & salad – ₪10-15 (₪3-5 separately)
Oranges, shaddock, grape fruit – ₪10 / 3–kg
Hostel – ₪50-70

Bargaining

Bargaining is accepted, especially on markets, but some prices might already be final, e.g. shared taxis or museums. Since also wealthy local residents will get affordable local prices and there is no reasoning why tourists should pay more. Though, as a tourist it might be hard to find out whether the price you got is fair or inflated because you are considered a tourist. It is best to ask at several different locations to get a feeling for what the price should be. Remember to always thank the merchant for stating the price, even if not buying anything.

A working approach for ho(s)tels is to look up the price on one of the big hotel reservation sites and to walk straight into the chosen hotel stating that seen price. You might get some discount, if not, just trying the next one might convince the guy at the reception to give you a better price.

Halal Restaurants in Palestine

Shawarma and falafel sandwiches are really popular foods for Palestinians, as well as olives and hummus. It is traditional to eat with bread and not a spoon or fork. It is unusual to eat a meal without bread.

Try kunafa/kenafeh in Nablus, and fresh fruits from the market in the bigger cities.

Sleep

Home stays with Palestinian host families are feasible, and can be arranged through a number of organisations.

Many new and affordable hostels have opened recently is the bigger cities like Jericho, Nablus and Ramallah.

Cope

Local Language in Palestine

The main language of communication is the Palestinian variety of Arabic. Many people will also be familiar with standard Arabic and/or the Egyptian variety of Arabic as both are widely used in media throughout the Middle East.

Local Customs in Palestine

Stay safe as a Muslim in Palestine

Palestinians are not more hostile than other people. Even women are more openly (dressed). Just the closeness to especially Occupied Jerusalem, triggers a lot of trouble from time to time. The friendliness can sometimes even feel a little overdrawn, since they understand that it is not just an opener to your heart but also to your wallet. Palestine is a totally different feeling from Palestine and pretty much like Jordan.

Security concerns result in travel between Palestine and Israel being tightly controlled on occasions. Travelers should ensure that their travel documentation is entirely in order and should monitor local news channels in case the security situation changes suddenly. Delays may occur at checkpoints unexpectedly, especially if there has been recent violence or political events, or if you are Arab or Arab-looking. It may be quicker to cross a checkpoint on foot rather than in a vehicle, and then take a taxi to your destination once you get through. It is highly advised to keep Palestinian flags, PA/PLO pamphlets, and similar articles out of plain sight when going through Israeli settler checkpoints. Many people send their souvenirs from Palestine home by Israeli-postal service parcels to avoid having to take the Palestinian-themed souvenirs through Ben Gurion Airport and risk being interrogated by Israeli settler security for long periods of time about their visits to Palestinian cities.

A few hints for a successful trip:

Contrary to recent years, most Palestinian cities are at present relatively safe. Regardless, in some areas or at particular times (such as weddings), gunfire can be heard. This appears to be becoming less and less common, however. Also, bear in mind that fireworks are popular in the cities, and it is feasible that what you are hearing is not gunfire at all.
Always bring a COPY of your passport along with your original and hide the copy in your hotel room.
Both Israeli settler and Palestinian security services may ask for ID, so carry your passport at all times.
Show respect at places of worship - take off your shoes. Women shouldn't come into a mosque without covering their heads. It is not usually necessary to cover your face.
As a foreigner you are likely to be noticed and many people will call to you as you walk around. This is almost always friendly and well-intentioned although you should be cautious at night in any city.
Consider hiring a local tour guide/translator who will also keep you out of trouble.
Common sense goes a long way.
Use caution around political rallies. You might get hurt from stones, tear gas, etc. Unless you are travelling specifically for this reason, keep your distance from political demonstrations.

Medical Issues in Palestine

Travel Next from Palestine

Although Gaza has great potential as a seaside resort as it once was, today it is closed for tourism due to the Israeli settler and Egyptian land, sea, and air blockade. The logical next destinations are the bordering countries of Palestine or Egypt, though be aware of the political atmosphere when you are traveling and plan accordingly. This concerns Palestine in times of higher tensions, when the border and checkpoints are guarded more heavily, and Egypt due to the fact that Sinai has become a breeding ground for ISIL (Daesh) lately.

King Hussein "Allenby" Bridge – From the West Bank, one can travel to many other Middle Eastern countries, especially Jordan. The Allenby Bridge is an Israeli-managed crossing mainly used by Palestinians to travel internationally because Palestinians are required by Palestine to use the airport in Amman, Jordan rather than the airport in Tel Aviv. It's a good idea to try to get to the border as early as feasible, especially in the busy summer season. There is no visa-on-arrival available here. If you are using the Allenby Bridge to exit Palestine, you are required to already have either a Jordanian entry visa (preferably a multi-entry visa depending on your schedule) or an entry stamp to Jordan from before (e.g. when you came from Jordan in the first place through the Allenby Bridge, since crossing here from Jordan to Palestine/Palestine you will not receive an exit stamp). You can obtain the visa at the Jordanian Embassies in Ramallah or Tel Aviv/Ramat Gan (JOD40/60/120 single, double, multi), or on-arrival when coming to Jordan in the first place, though the free one-month ASEZA (Aqaba) visa cannot be used for going forth and back through the Allenby Bridge. Also see Jordan#Get in for even more details. The exit fee to leave Israel/Palestine is ₪176.